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针对加工工艺特点正确选择模温控制系统
不同原料性能不同,它们有着不同的加工工艺特点,模具温度对工件表质量流动性、收缩率、注塑周期的影响,是塑料加工制造中必须控制的因素。研究显示,24%的废品是由模具温度不当所致。为此,在从注塑、吹塑到挤塑的各种塑料加工领域中广泛采用了模温控制系统,以将模具加热到工作温度,并使模具温度保持在一定的精度范围。
然而,如果模具控制系统设计、选用不当,不但无法提高产品的成型效率,稳定产品品质和降低不良率,也致使其他设备自动化的改良失去意义。
正确选择适当的模温控制系统可以从以下几方面考虑。
确定塑料加工工艺要求的模具温度
各种塑料原材料要求的加工成型温度、模具温度不同。"各种塑料加工模具温度表"给出了一些主要塑料加工所需的模具温度。
确定模温机的传热介质类型
模温控制系统的工作原理为,泵浦驱动传热介质(通常为水或油)从装有内置加热器和冷却器的水箱中到达模具,再从模具回到水箱。控制器根据温度传感器测量的热流体温度,或/和模具内部温度,调节热流体的温度从而调节模具的温度。
根据使用的传热介质的类型,模温机为水式模温机、加压水模温机或油式模温机。
一般水式模温机控制温度范围较低,油式模温机控制温度范围较高。水式模温机的工作温度为90℃,加压水式模温机的工作温度为160℃~180℃,油式模温机用于工作温度≥150℃的场合,最高工作温度为350℃。
就传热介质本身而言,以水作传热介质经济环保,即使发生泄漏,也可直接排放,不会污染环境,但水容易使水箱、流道腐蚀和结垢,所以除需做防腐蚀剂预处理外,在使用中还要定期除锈。以导热油作传热介质,导热系数只有水的1/3,成本相对较高,容易结焦。
特殊应用环境也是选择模温机需要考虑的因素。如油温机在光学镜片的加工中受到限制,因为油受热蒸发,会影响光学镜片的品质。
温度控制精度
要使注塑加工中模具的温度保持基本恒定,其关键是要控制模具内的热传导平衡。模具内部由热塑性塑料带来的热量,通过热传导传递给模具,传导至模具的热量一部分通过热辐射直接在空气中散失,另一部分通过与模温机的热交换,传递给传热介质(水或油)。
模温控制的实现,有基于热流体温度的模温控制、基于模具温度的模温控制,以及联合模温控制几种方式。用户应根据实际情况,考察模温机操作的实现,选择能够满足自己温度控制精度要求的产品。
基于热流体温度模温控制,控制面板上显示的温度和模具温度并不一致,由于注射周期、注射速度、熔化温度及环境温度等因素没有得补偿,模具的温度波动相对较大。基于热流体温度模温控制可以满足大多数情况要求,也是最常见方法。
基于模具温度的模温控制,由温度传感器安装于模具内部,控制面板上设置、显示温度模具温度一致,适用于温度控制精度要求较高的情况。
联合控制综合了以上方法,适用于高精度塑料加工制造。在联合控制中,安放温度传感器在模具中的位置必须考虑模具形状、结构及冷却通道的位置,将其放置在对加工件质量起决定性作用的地方。
目前,绝大多数模温机采用了PID控制技术,对影响模具温度的各种因素进行补偿。
在模温机选配过程中,加热功率和媒体循环的压力、流量也都是必须考虑的因素。
其中:
P模具所需加热能量(kW)
W模具重量(kg)
C模具比热(kcal/kg℃)
T1所需模温(℃)
T2开始生产时模温(℃)
S安全系数,取值1.5~2
t由开始生产达到所需模温的时间(h)
媒体循环所需压力
模具越细,所需要的压力越大,且需加上流道的阻抗。
P=0.1×H×α
P压力(kg/cm2)
H水头高度(m)
α传热媒体的比热。水=1;油=0.7~0.9
媒体循环所需流量
流量越大,传热效果越好。
L媒体循环所需流量(L/min)
Q模具需移出或移入的热量(kcal/h)
c传热媒体的比热。水=1;油=0.7~0.9
ΔT循环媒体进出模具的温差(℃)
α媒体循环的比重
通常,模温机专业厂商会提供其产品泵浦特性以及模温机型号功能比较,这些都是选择模温机的参考。以晏邦产品进行说明。
·确定需要达到的温度范围:"各种塑料加工模具温度表"提了一些主要塑料加工所需的模具温度,用户需根据加工工艺要求,确定需要达到的温度范围。
·传热介质的选择:一般水温机控制温度范围较低,油温机控制温度范围较高。就模温机而言,如需采用水为传热介质,应选择YBM-D系列;如采用油或水为传热介质,则应选择YBM-I型。
·根据"型号功能表",在允许的最长加热时间内选择最适合的型号。
例如:模重120kg,模温需要在25分钟内达到120℃,YBM-1IH(高温型)为最佳选择;
模重120kg,模温需要在10分钟内达到120℃,YBM-2IH(高温型)为最佳选择;
模重120kg,模温需要在25分钟内达到80℃,YBM-1D或YBM-1I(一般型)为最佳选择。
部分型号部分物性表
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /TP-4210/ Taiwan ziseng
Use: other
Important beters: melt flow rate: 63.5 g/10min tensile strength: 75.5 MPa bending strength: 139.3 MPa flexural modulus: 3215.9 MPa thermal debation temperature: 68.3 C
Manufacturer: Taiwan Jisheng industrial Limited by Share Ltd
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /ADDINYL B2 E/ Addiplast of France
Use: other
Characteristic notes: Halogen-free, flame retardancy
Important beters: density: 1.17 g/cm3 flexural modulus: 3000 MPa thermal debation temperature: 60.5 C
Manufacturer: Addiplast company, France
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /ADDINYL B2 R/ Addiplast of France
Use: other
Characteristic remark: high impact resistance
Important beters: density: 1.1 g/cm3 flexural modulus: 2100 MPa hardness: 78 thermal debation temperature: 65 C
Manufacturer: Addiplast company, France
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /840/ o Xie Li
Use: other
Characteristic notes: high viscosity
Important beters: density: 1.13 g/cm3 water absorption: 1.7% notched impact strength: 58.7 tensile strength: 72.4 MPa, elongation at break: 190% bending strength: 110 MPa flexural modulus: 2610 MPa hardness: 118 thermal debation temperature: 60 C.
Manufacturer: Al Shele Polymer Co, USA
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /200 A/ RTP
Use: other
Characteristic notes: electrostatic discharge protection and antistatic property
Important beters: density: 1.13 g/cm3 molding shrinkage: 1% notch impact strength: 160 bending strength: 75.8 MPa flexural modulus: 2070 MPa
Manufacturer: RTP company, USA
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /200 A GB 40/ RTP
Use: other
Important beters: density: 1.44 g/cm3 molding shrinkage: 1.1% notch impact strength: 37.4 bending strength: 131 MPa flexural modulus: 4830 MPa
Manufacturer: RTP company, USA
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /A801/ Ningbo Dongyuan
Use: other
Characteristic notes: Super toughened nylon
Important beters: density: 1.044 g/cm3 tensile strength: 96 MPa breaking elongation: 73% bending strength: 153 MPa thermal debation temperature: 164 C
Manufacturer: Ningbo Dongyuan new materials Co. Ltd.
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /B12^ FX30/ polykemi
Use: other
Important beters: density: 1.36 g/cm3, molding shrinkage: 0.4% notched impact strength: 6 bending strength: 190 MPa bending modulus: 5800 MPa hardness: 80 VEKA softening point: 200 DEG heat debing temperature: 150 C.
Manufacturer: polykemi company
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /B12^ Q40/ polykemi
Use: other
Important beters: density: 1.46 g/cm3, molding shrinkage: 0.8% notched impact strength: 6 bending strength: 150 MPa bending modulus: 5500 MPa hardness: 78 VEKA softening point: 200 DEG heat debing temperature: 110 C.
Manufacturer: polykemi company
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /B12^ QF2010/ polykemi
Use: other
Important beters: density: 1.36 g/cm3, molding shrinkage: 0.6% notched impact strength: 10 bending strength: 240 MPa bending modulus: 8800 MPa hardness: 80 VEKA softening point: 200 DEG heat debing temperature: 205 C.
Manufacturer: polykemi company
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6 /Nybex 40002 NA/ America Froude)
Use: other
Important beters: melt flow rate: 0.9 g/10min density: 1.1 g/cm3, molding shrinkage: 1.6% notched impact strength: 140 tensile strength: 74.5 MPa, elongation at break: 110% bending strength: 116 MPa bending modulus: 2810 MPa hot debation temperature: 66.1 C.
Manufacturer: the United States fluke company
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /F136-C1/ Holland DSM
Use: Film
Characteristic notes: perbance characteristics: high viscosity.
Important beters: density: 1.13 g/cm3 water absorption: 2.5%
Manufacturer: Holland DSM company
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /F130-C1/ Holland DSM
Use: Film
Characteristic notes: perbance characteristics: medium viscosity.
Important beters: density: 1.13 g/cm3 water absorption: 2.8%
Manufacturer: Holland DSM company
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /F130-C2/ Holland DSM
Use: Film
Characteristic notes: perbance characteristics: medium viscosity.
Important beters: density: 1.13 g/cm3 water absorption: 2.8%
Manufacturer: Holland DSM company
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6) /F132-C1/ Holland DSM
Use: Film
Characteristic notes: perbance characteristics: medium and high viscosity.
Important beters: density: 1.13 g/cm3 water absorption: 2.5%
Manufacturer: Holland DSM company
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6 /B3/ Nylene Canada)
Use: other
Important beters: density: 1.13 g/cm3 molding shrinkage: 1.4% notch impact strength: 53 tensile strength: 76.5 MPa flexural modulus: 2620 MPa thermal debation temperature: 72.1 C
Manufacturer: Nylene, Canada
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6 /AQL34/ Walker Phil)
Use: other
Important beters: density: 1.14 g/cm3 water absorption: 1.4% molding shrinkage: 1.1% elongation at break: 220% bending modulus: 2800 MPa hardness: 120 VEKA softening point: 205 DEG heat debing temperature: 75 C.
Manufacturer: Italy Wokefeier Engineering Plastics Co.
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6 /6G30FC/ Walker Phil)
Use: other
Important beters: density: 1.36 g/cm3 water absorption: 6% VEKA softening point: 215 C thermal debation temperature: 200 c
Manufacturer: Italy Wokefeier Engineering Plastics Co.
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6 /6G25D1/ Walker Phil)
Use: other
Important beters: density: 1.3 g/cm3
Manufacturer: Italy Wokefeier Engineering Plastics Co.
PA6 (polycaprolactam # nylon 6 /6G33FL/ Walker Phil)
Use: other
Important beters: density: 1.37 g/cm3 flexural modulus: 5800 MPa VEKA softening point: thermal debation temperature at 210 C: 205 C
Manufacturer: Italy Wokefeier Engineering Plastics Co.

